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This teaching module offers an example of how psychology can be used to address climate change. The activity focuses on a cognitive bias my colleagues and I refer to as "the MPG illusion," and the module is easy to incorporate into courses on decision making, consumer behavior, environmental psychology, applied psychology, statistics, research methods, and related fields.
When automobile fuel efficiency is expressed as "miles per gallon" (the common measure used in the United States), most people underestimate the savings from replacing inefficient cars. People incorrectly believe that gas savings and greenhouse gas reductions are a linear function of increases in MPG. However, the actual relationship is curvilinear. The table below shows the curvilinear relationship by translating different MPG levels into gallons of gas consumed when driving 10,000 miles.
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| GPM = Gallons Per 10,000 Miles |
| 10.0 MPG = 1000 GPM |
| 11.0 MPG = 900 GPM |
| 12.5 MPG = 800 GPM |
| 14.0 MPG = 700 GPM |
| 16.5 MPG = 600 GPM |
| 20.0 MPG = 500 GPM |
| 25.0 MPG = 400 GPM |
| 33.0 MPG = 300 GPM |
| 50.0 MPG = 200 GPM |
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The math makes clear that the gains from 10 to 11 MPG, 16 to 20 MPG, and 33 to 50 MPG all save roughly 100 gallons per 10,000 miles, which is equivalent to one ton of carbon. As people weigh the decision to replace a current car with a more efficient car, they are likely to underestimate the large cost and greenhouse gas savings of seemingly small improvements on inefficient cars. The MPG illusion is corrected when fuel efficiency is expressed in terms of GPM such as "gallons per 10,000 miles."
One good way to introduce the MPG illusion is by having students take a quiz in which they compare the gas savings and greenhouse gas reductions of replacing one car with a more efficient car. Additional materials include a video, web site, PowerPoint slides, and short readings that can be used to explain the illusion and the math in detail.
The module is especially well-suited to introduce a lecture or discussion on the link between psychology and climate change. In the case of the MPG illusion, a clear policy implication is to have the government and consumer magazines supplement MPG information with GPM measures (e.g., carbon emissions per 100 miles). More generally, decision makers need clear information about the greenhouse gas consequences of their transportation, diet, work, and housing choices -- that is, the main contributors to their "carbon footprint." Students can be challenged to think of better tools for helping people make environmentally sustainable decisions.
The MPGillusion.com web site contains a link to a GPM calculator that offers information on all new 2009 cars (which will be updated each year as new car models come out). This calculator provides a practical tool for students and others to compare fuel efficiency across cars, and was designed as the sort of tool that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (FuelEconomy.gov) and consumer magazines could offer to correct the MPG illusion.
In sum, learning about the MPG illusion can help students make better decisions for themselves and see the link between psychology and climate change.
Demonstrating the MPG Illusion
A classroom discussion of the MPG illusion should begin by having students take a brief quiz to test their intuition about MPG. There are two main options for administering a quiz:
(1) Online Quiz
With this option, students complete a one-question online quiz prior to class. The online quiz asks students which alternative will save more gas: replacing a 10 MPG vehicle with a 20 MPG vehicle, or replacing a 20 MPG vehicle with a 50 MPG vehicle. Most students choose replacing the 20 MPG vehicle with a 50 MPG one. However, this choice saves only 3 gallons per 100 miles, whereas the other choice saves 5 gallons per 100 miles.
To help students understand the MPG illusion, they can be instructed to follow up the quiz by viewing the video below, by visiting the MPG illusion web site, or by reading the original Science report and its supporting materials. Instructors can then build on this material in a lecture or classroom discussion.
(2) In-Class Quiz
The in-class quiz, based on Study 1 of Larrick and Soll (2008), can be distributed as a handout, given on a lecture slide, or collected prior to a lecture if the instructor wants to present a summary of student responses.
| Rank what's best for the environment: |
| (A) Upgrading mileage from 18 to 28 MPG |
| (B) Upgrading mileage from 16 to 20 MPG |
| (C) Upgrading mileage from 34 to 50 MPG |
| (D) Upgrading mileage from 20 to 22 MPG |
| (E) Upgrading mileage from 42 to 46 MPG |
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The quiz asks students to assume that a person drives 10,000 miles per year and is considering an upgrade to a more fuel efficient vehicle. They are asked to rank five vehicle upgrades in order of their benefit to the environment, using "1" for the largest gas savings and "5" for the smallest. Students most often rank the upgrades according to the size of linear improvement (C first, followed by A, E, B, and D). In reality, however, the correct order is A-E. For instance, A and B both save more gas than C.
After the quiz, instructors may wish to use or adapt relevant PowerPoint slides to explain how MPG can be misleading and to start a discussion about better measures for making greenhouse gas decisions. In addition, students might be assigned a follow up reading such as those mentioned earlier.
Tips on Implementation
Here are a couple tips based on my experience teaching about the MPG illusion:
- It is important that students complete the quiz before reading or listening to an explanation of the illusion. If instead students learn about the illusion before experiencing it themselves, the teaching module may not have as much impact as it would otherwise.
- When students are faced with a choice such as replacing an 18 MPG car with a 28 MPG car versus replacing a 34 MPG car with a 50 MPG car, they might ask, "Why not replace the 18 MPG car with a 50 MPG car?" In response, instructors might point out that even though this choice would yield the greatest savings in gas, the MPG illusion shows that consumers who can't afford highly efficient cars can still have a large effect by modestly upgrading fuel inefficient vehicles.
Variations and Extensions
This teaching module can be broadened in several ways. For example, instructors might describe other psychological biases that affect climate change, or might ask students to write a paper linking psychological biases to human impact on the environment. Alternatively, instructors might discuss how problem framing affects consumer choices beyond car buying. For additional suggestions and materials, see:
Reference
Larrick, R. P., & Soll, J. B. (2008). The MPG illusion. Science, 320, 1593-1594.
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